Grand fir in the redwood forests of California reaches d.b.h.
Management experience with grand fir in the northern Blue Mountains. Cobb, David F.; O'Hara, Kevin L.; Oliver, Chadwick D. 1993. Un espace entièrement gratuit qui me fait bénéficier de tous les services en ligne. ponderosa pine, western white pine and lodgepole
Seidel, K. W. 1979. 1968. The range in the continental interior extends from the Okanogan and Kootenay Lakes in southern British Columbia south through eastern Washington, northern Idaho, western Montana west of the Continental Divide, and northeastern Oregon. Cones: Cone and seed production begins at 20 to 50 years of age, and cone
Plant association and management guide for the grand fir zone, Gifford Pinchot National Forest. It is practically completed by July 1 on exposed sites and by August 15 on protected sites. competitor, weedy/colonizer, seral, late successional), Grand fir is a dominant climax species in some habitat types
15 p. [6948], More info for the terms: density, frequency, litter, presence, root crown, tree. Miscellaneous Publication No. After cessation of Native American burning in the Willamette Valley of Oregon (around 1850), grand fir has successionally replaced Oregon white oak and coastal Douglas-fir on most sites. Dewberry, Charley. Proceedings of the biology and management of true fir in the Pacific Northwest symposium; 1981 February 24-26; Seattle-Tacoma, WA. climates: areas with less than 150 cm of precipitation annually. Branches spreading, drooping; twigs mostly opposite, light brown, pubescent.
R6-FPM-PR-293-87. Keown, Larry D. 1978. Grand fir grows rapidly on cutover or burned
A.; Habeck, J. R. 1981.
The bark is ash grey and has sappy blisters that ooze out strong smelling thick liquid.
Keane, Robert E.; Arno, Stephen F.; Brown, James K. 1990. On the Priest River Experimental Forest in northern Idaho, foliage comprised a greater proportion of total crown weight in grand fir than in 8 associated conifer species. 0000010800 00000 n
The Salish of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, collected pitch from grand fir blisters, rubbed it into wooden implements, and scorched it to provide a varnished finish [184]. Pests and diseases: Grand fir is susceptible to a variety of pathogens [16,22,71,189,139,174]. 1977. Proceedings, 11th annual conference on fire and forest meteorology; 1991 April 16-19; Missoula, MT.
It is also an important component of the mixed conifer communities in the Willamette Valley and Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon (16). Washington
Handb. [6765], 104. menziesii-Quercus garryana) include incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), Pacific ponderosa pine, California black oak (Q. kelloggii), chinquapin (Chrysolepsis chrysophylla), Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), and bigtooth maple (Acer macrophyllum) [42]. Grand fir is tolerant of fluctuating water tables and floods [117]. A list of insecticides suitable for grand fir is available
A "light" fire in an early-seral grand fir/twinflower association the Oregon Blue Mountains killed the pole-sized overstory conifers (grand fir, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, and Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine), but their relative coverage remained similar to prefire levels during early postfire seedling establishment. Although grand fir is not usually seral on sites with frequent fires, it may be either climax or seral on sites that experience infrequent crown fires [91]. Grand fir does not require disturbance to establish and persist on most sites [15,188]; however, where western hemlock or western redcedar is the climax dominant, fire or other periodic disturbance is needed to maintain grand fir [14]. Plant communities of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon and southeastern Washington. Williams, Clinton K.; Kelley, Brian F.; Smith, Bradley G.; Lillybridge, Terry R. 1995. Abies nordmanniana, commonly called Caucasian fir or Nordmann fir, is native to the Caucasus Mountains. 132 p. [2351], 189.
519 p. [25354], 141. In a
Seeds are often so heavily infested with insects that an entire crop may be classed as a failure (9). The water relations of true firs. Biotic agents and drought usually cause early losses.
Seedlings are usually transplanted in a nursery for 1-2 years. Investigations on the grand fir mosaic ecosystem of northern Idaho. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Seed cones: 6-12 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, dark purple or blue to gray or light green at maturity, erect and on the upper branches. Most of the genetic variation available for tree improvement appears to be among stands but genetic gains can also be made by selecting individuals within stands. [65,71]. 42(2): 177-194. Natural regeneration in the western white pine type. Historically, fire severity in grand fir types of the Blue Mountains was often moderate, with a wider range of fire severities than Douglas-fir types [3]. 45. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. However, on shaded
In the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington, decay was reported responsible for losses of 14 percent of the gross merchantable cubic-foot volume and 33 percent of the board-foot volume in sawtimber-size grand fir trees (1). 135(3): 200-210. R = rate of spread, m/sec
Detailed lists of understory plants are included in habitat type and community type manuals for each region. Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. Grand fir leaves have been subjected to temperatures of -55° C (-67° F) without damage. On optimum sites in the coastal lowlands of Washington, mature grand firs reach heights of 43 to 61 m (140 to 200 ft) at 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in) d.b.h. A prescribed stand-replacment fire in a mixed lodgepole pine-subalpine fir-grand fir forest in eastern Washington. They caution, however, that soil productivity and general forest health are usually reduced, and exotic weed cover increased, under treatments other than prescribed fire. Note No. shastensis), noble fir (A. procera), redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), western hemlock, Sitka spruce, and coastal Douglas-fir [2,102]. (3), Western larch, Douglas fir, alpine fir, Engelmann spruce,
Hawksworth, Frank G.; Wiens, Delbert. After 20 to 30 years, it makes most rapid growth in the open (9). 4: 181-192. Franklin, Jerry F.; Carkin, Richard; Booth, Jack. seedling mortality [71,45]. Rep. PSW-31. (4) Rose, R., C. Chachulski and D.
Fauna of the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. In central Idaho, grand fir showed better seedling establishment than 5 associated conifers on logged sites, establishing on clearcuts or shelterwood cuts within an average of 7 years (range=0-30 yrs). The yield of cleaned seeds ranges from 26,200 to 63,100/kg (11,900 to 28,700/lb) and averages 40,500/kg (18,400/lb) (32). 1995. They made a decoction from the branches and cones to treat respiratory ailments; a poultice from the pitch to treat wounds, burns, and sore eyes; and a decoction of the bark, sap, and sapwood to treat gonorrhea [185]. Grand fir is thin-barked and sensitive to fire – ground fires in moist creek bottoms are highly damaging but trees on dry hillsides are more resistant, largely because of a deeper root system and thicker bark. 0000002247 00000 n
Twenty years after treatment, grand fir density was still moderate compared to other conifers, at 12.1 stems/yd2 (15.1/m2) on the shelterwood and 2.5 stems/yd2 (3.1/m2) on the clearcut [23]. Seeds 6--8 ´ 3--4mm, body tan; wing about 1.5 times as long as body, tan with rosy tinge; cotyledons (4--)5--6(--7). List and summary of the flowering plants in the Hawaiian islands. [14248], 90. [3455]. It was less successful than most conifer associates on broadcast burned sites, but still showed 33% frequency on lightly scarified burns and 23% frequency on heavily scarified burns [78]. Grand fir is a versatile species that, although quite tolerant, has a growth rate nearly equal to that of western white pine.
Rep. PNW-8.
Older grand fir support pervasive rotting fungi but frequently reach 250 years of age and occasionally exceed 300 years [14,71].
The balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae), often called "gout disease of fir," has destroyed grand fir in western Oregon and Washington and is a serious threat in southwestern British Columbia (12). months[0] = "January";
[1624], 145. Grand fir occurs in the overstory of both seral and late-successional forests [9,71,91,47,52,83,87]. range from 140 to 200 feet (43-61 m) along the coast and from 131 to 164 feet (40-50 m) inland [71,104]. [14243], 65. Schmidt, Wyman C.; Lotan, James E. 1980. I.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Timing of, and slash disposal following, thinning are important precautions in avoiding fir engraver attacks [189]. 1988. [18633], 125.
Foodplant / false gallAdelges piceae causes swelling of live, sometimes swollen branch of Abies grandis, Foodplant / saprobefruitbody of Exidiopsis grisea is saprobic on dead, decayed bark of Abies grandisOther: major host/prey, Foodplant / parasitehypophyllous, two irregular rows aecium of Milesina kriegeriana parasitises locally yellowed needle of Abies grandisRemarks: season: 6-9, Foodplant / parasitehypophyllous, in two rows aecium of Pucciniastrum epilobii parasitises needle of Abies grandisRemarks: season: 6-7, In Great Britain and/or Ireland:Foodplant / parasitedensely gregarious, linearly arranged, hypophyllous pycnidium of Rhizosphaera coelomycetous anamorph of Rhizosphaera pini parasitises live needle of Abies grandisRemarks: season: 2, Foodplant / saprobeeffuse colony of Thysanophora dematiaceous anamorph of Thysanophora penicillioides is saprobic on dead, rotting, fallen needle of Abies grandis. Contribution No. Several factors are considered in predicting and modelling mortality of grand fir and other conifers [154]. The cones, mostly yellowish-green and occasionally greenish-purple, ripen from August to September of the same year, and seeds are dispersed approximately 1 month later (32). The model predicts that in the absence of disturbance, grand fir is an early mid-seral species that is eventually replaced by Pacific silver fir, western hemlock, and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). Simulating cumulative fire effects in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests. RANGE & HABITAT
Pollen cones at pollination bluish red, purple, orange, yellow, or ± green. Utilizing double quotes for exact terms can narrow your search results. mountain slopes. Canada:
Leaves (1--)2--6cm ´ l.5--2.5mm, 2-ranked, flexible, with leaves at center of branch segment longer than those near ends, or with distinct long and short leaves intermixed, proximal portion ± straight, leaves higher in tree spiraled and 1-ranked; cross section flat, grooved adaxially; odor pungent, faintly turpentinelike; abaxial surface with 5--7 stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface light to dark lustrous green, lacking stomates or with a few stomates toward leaf apex; apex distinctly notched (rarely rounded); resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer.
The differences are mainly physiological and ecological (9). Hall, Frederick C. 1977.
Understory associates are many: pachistima (Pachistima myrsinites), common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), baldhip rose (Rosa gymnocarpa), blue huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum), white spirea (Spiraea betufolia), twinflower (Linnea borealis), beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax), queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), and wild ginger (Asarum caudatum) are among the most common [43,145,49]. K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest
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