The plant parts used for identifying sub clover are shown in Figure E1: Examine a whole plant, or at least one or two runners, from a typical plant. It is a late-maturing variety, flowering about 1 week later than Clare and hence requires a longer growing season. Northam is a natural selection, previously known as ‘Northam A’, from the town site of Northam in Western Australia.

The stipule colour varies between varieties but is constant within any particular one. If sown at a high seeding rate, it may be suitable as a highly productive 1-year fodder crop or for hay making. Pasture improvement may be associated with an increase in the incidence of certain livestock health disorders.

These varieties include Nungarin, Northam, Daliak, Dalkeith and, in higher-rainfall areas, Seaton Park. Gosse is a member of the yanninicum group and is very tolerant of waterlogging. Developed as a clover-scorch-tolerant alternative to Woogenellup, Enfield is of similar maturity to Woogenellup. The Rosedale variety was registered in 1988, and selected by P Beale of the South Australian Department of Agriculture from seed collected in Turkey in 1974 by CM Francis. It has excellent winter and late-season productivity.

The leaf markings of Book Book are similar to those of Dwalganup, but the stipule, flower and runner resemble those of Mount Barker. Gosse is a good variety for irrigation areas, where its excellent winter vigour is a major advantage. Clovers occur in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world, except Southeast Asia and Australia; cultivated species have become naturalized in temperate regions worldwide. On the slopes and plains, where less rain falls, the persistence of Mount Barker has been poor. However, the extent of anthocyanin pigmentation depends on environmental influences such as low temperatures, so this feature is not a good guide. Compared with Woogenellup, Esperance is more persistent; but, because of its less erect growth habit, is not as suitable for haymaking. Flowers are white with no red band.

In all situations Nungarin has consistently done better than the high-oestrogen varieties Dwalganup and Geraldton.

Contains very high levels of formononetin. Nuba produces very large vigorous seedlings with large, tall leaves. More susceptible than other varieties to attack by bluegreen aphid. The characteristics of the stipule, flower and runner are similar to those of Mount Barker. It has superior resistance to leaf rust than Karridale, Denmark and Mount Barker, which can be a problem in higher-rainfall areas. Green Range was released by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture in 1984 as a hard-seeded, clover-scorch-resistant replacement for Woogenellup. Seaton Park was collected in a suburb of Adelaide in 1941 but, like Daliak, only became prominent when it was found to be low in formononetin.

Denmark was registered by ASCALIP* as a replacement for Karridale and Mount Barker in 1991, and was originally collected in Sardinia. It has higher levels of hard seed than Dalkeith, low formononetin levels, and slightly better seedling and adult plant resistance to redlegged earth mites than existing cultivars. Varieties are identified on the basis of variation in: The main botanical characteristics used to identify commercial varieties of sub clover are summarised in the identification key below.

Due to its mid-season maturity it is more productive than the early-maturing Northam, Nungarin or Dalkeith, but less productive than later maturing varieties. This large-seeded variety was registered in 1992 by ASCALIP* as a more winter-productive replacement for Larisa.

Current conservation legislation may restrict some pasture improvement practices where existing pasture contains native species. It is not widely grown in NSW and is unpopular because of its shorter compact growth habit. It is susceptible to powdery mildew disease. This variety is used in some western irrigation areas and in coastal areas where it is sown at high seeding rates as a winter–spring forage crop. Released in 1976 in Western Australia as a low-oestrogen replacement for Dwalganup and Geraldton, Northam has done better than these varieties, but it is slightly less persistent than Nungarin in dry areas.

Mount Barker has been sown in NSW since the mid-1920s, where it has always been a popular variety on the Southern and Central Tablelands.

On very rare occasions, a four-leafed clover can occur.

Bacchus Marsh, now an obsolete variety, originated in Victoria. The degree of hairiness on the runners of each variety is indicated in the identification key (Figure E2).

This mid-season low-oestrogen variety was collected in Sardinia and registered by the Australasian Subterranean Clover and Alternative Legumes Improvement Program (ASCALIP) in 1995 as a hard-seeded alternative to Seaton Park LF. A cross between Daliak and Bacchus Marsh, Esperance closely resembles Daliak except that it matures 3 weeks later (slightly shorter seasoned than Woogenellup), and has a less distinctive calyx colour.

It does not perform as well as its replacements, Nungarin and Northam. Urana is susceptible to race 1 of clover scorch disease but it should not be grown in higher-rainfall areas where the disease is common. Meteora is a late-maturing variety (9–10 days later than Mount Barker) and is a member of the subspecies yanninicum.

Although adapted to alkaline soils, it matures too late and its hard seeds break down too quickly for it to persist well on the drier western fringe of the northern clover belt, where soils are generally neutral to alkaline. Reason for non-inclusion in the 'current variety' list: This variety is a chemically induced mutant of the cultivar Geraldton and was released in 1967.

It is suitable for all areas where Trikkala is grown. It has very good resistance to all root rots. Karridale has generally been the equal of, or superior to, Woogenellup and Mount Barker for seed yield and production of dry matter in areas of high rainfall. Because of its high formononetin level and susceptibility to clover scorch, it is not suitable for use in NSW. In these situations, or where soil types and drainage are variable, a mixture of Riverina, Dalkeith, Seaton Park LF or Junee (depending on rainfall) will ensure a more uniformly persistent pasture.

(Riverina and Gosse are preferred where Phytophthora root rot is prevalent and where hardseededness is an advantage.). It was registered by NSW Agriculture in 1983.

Time from sowing to the start of flowering is a useful guide to the maturity group that a variety belongs to. In most environments, however, Northam is suited to the same range of uses as Nungarin. Winter and spring herbage of Goulburn is superior to that of Woogenellup, where root disease or clover scorch is present. Like Dalkeith, it is grown under a limited generation seed production scheme in NSW.

To ensure varietal purity, Dalkeith is grown for seed production under a pedigree seed scheme.

Figure E1. It was first certified in NSW in 1952 but is no longer either certified or recommended in this state because of its extremely high formononetin level, which can cause severe clover disease in sheep. It was found at Clare in South Australia and has been certified in NSW since 1955.

It has good resistance to both known races of clover scorch disease and to two major races of Phytophthora root rot.

Seaton Park is susceptible to clover scorch but has good tolerance to Phytophthora root rot. Because it does not persist well in some situations, it may have to be resown more frequently than varieties such as Seaton Park or Junee. It is the earliest maturing and one of the hardest seeded varieties available. Nuba has not been selected for Australian conditions and is susceptible to clover scorch, Phytophthora root rot and leaf rust. Daliak is resistant to the eastern Australian strain of clover scorch and is tolerant of the sub clover root disease complex, but it is more susceptible than other varieties to attack by bluegreen aphid. Sown over much of the sub clover area of NSW, this mid-season, soft-seeded variety has shown unsatisfactory persistence where droughts are common and where soil moisture is unavailable in late October and early November, or where the risk of frequent false autumn breaks is high.

Inquire through your office of the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources for further details.

It tolerates shallow flooding and waterlogging, and matures by late October. Clover can be evergreen. It has much higher levels of hard seed than Trikkala and superior resistance to Phytophthora root rot, having the highest level of resistance to the highly virulent race 1 of all registered varieties.

It also has better than average tolerance to redlegged earth mites and to clover redleaf virus. The following descriptions will assist growers to select the varieties best suited to their needs.

White Clover White clover, a true perennial, is the most widely-grown clover in the United States.Where adapted, individual plants often live for several years.

Coolamon was released in 2004 and is a mid-season variety.

Dwalganup has been replaced by several varieties that do not cause clover disease, and which are more productive than Dwalganup in the areas where they are used. It has very low levels of hard seed; however, this attribute is not important in the area in which it is grown. The varieties listed below have been superseded for most areas of NSW and/or have undesirable characteristics, such as: These non-current varieties are listed below in the order of the timing of their maturity: Reasons for non-inclusion in the 'current variety' list: Dwalganup was the first early-maturing sub clover variety to be commercialised in Australia. It was selected from a damp location in Greece by Dr JS Katznelson. A natural selection, it was known to farmers in Western Australia as early as 1900. This medium to late season cultivar is more productive than Mount Barker on the higher-rainfall areas of the slopes and tablelands. In field trials at Orange, Yass and Crookwell, Leura had greater winter production than Karridale and Goulburn, and was far superior in production compared with Mount Barker.

For this reason it is best grown in a mixture with Riverina or Seaton Park LF in areas where Phytophthora is a problem.

It is more hard-seeded than Gosse, Riverina and Larisa. Consult your veterinarian or adviser when planning pasture improvement.

Nungarin Photo. Its main use is in soils prone to waterlogging and where the growing season is at least 7.5 months under irrigation. It has good resistance to race 0 and 2 of Phytophthora root rot but is susceptible to race 1. See also Part F Choosing the right sub clover variety — by using data on the minimum annual rainfall for persistence (Table F1) and the annual isohyets (Figure F1), growers can determine the most appropriate variety and preferably mix of varieties for a particular location. Persistence poor on the slopes and plains. Phytophthora root disease is not normally a problem in the higher-rainfall areas where Leura is suited. These characteristics are stable, but plants within the same variety can differ in minor ways depending on stage of: For this reason, the best time to identify varieties is at flowering. The time for a cultivar to flower in Perth from a May sowing is the standard index used to classify the maturity of a variety. Dalkeith is more tolerant of bluegreen aphid than Daliak, but it is susceptible to clover scorch. However, under favourable conditions it can be very productive, particularly in winter, although persistence and regeneration can be poor. Seed is not readily available and it is no longer widely grown in NSW.

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