In the 1990s, the NAACP ran into debt. Rather than relying on litigation and legislation, these newer groups employed direct action and mass mobilization to advance the rights of African Americans. "[58], The organization's national initiatives, political lobbying, and publicity efforts were handled by the headquarters staff in New York and Washington DC. In 1920, Johnson was elected head of the organization. [46][49] In August 2006, the IRS investigation concluded with the agency's finding "that the remarks did not violate the group's tax-exempt status."[50]. On the heels of the Springfield race riot, which decimated a community and left seven people dead, the Niagara Movement began to favor a clearer integrationist response. Birmingham Campaign: History, Issues, and Legacy, The 'Big Six' Organizers of the Civil Rights Movement, The Civil Rights Act of 1866: History and Impact, 27 Black American Women Writers You Should Know, African-American History Timeline: 1910 to 1919, 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing: History and Legacy, Organizations of the Civil Rights Movement, Biography of Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Journalist Who Fought Racism, Biography of John Lewis, Civil Rights Activist and Politician, African-American Organizations of the Progressive Era, The NAACP and a Federal Antilynching Bill, 1934–1940, M.S.Ed, Secondary Education, St. John's University, M.F.A., Creative Writing, City College of New York. Lorraine C. Miller served as interim president after Benjamin Jealous stepped down. The organization is originally called the National Negro Committee. On May 30, 1909, the Niagara Movement conference took place at New York City's Henry Street Settlement House; they created an organization of more than 40, identifying as the National Negro Committee.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909/1910, essentially by Marxists. Some described a white man with brown hair fleeing the scene. They met in 1906 at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, and in 1907 in Boston, Massachusetts.[18]. The NAACP was founded in 1909 by a group of multi-racial activists. Du Bois of the situation, and a coalition began to form.[16]. The association's charter expressed its mission: To promote equality of rights and eradicate caste or race prejudice among citizens of the United States; to advance the interest of colored citizens; to secure for them impartial suffrage; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice in the courts, education for their children, employment according to their ability, and complete equality before the law.[27]. More than 200 black tenant farmers were killed by roving white vigilantes and federal troops after a deputy sheriff's attack on a union meeting of sharecroppers left one white man dead. New organizations such as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC, in 1957) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, in 1960) rose up with different approaches to activism. The campaign for desegregation culminated in a unanimous 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education that held state-sponsored segregation of public elementary schools was unconstitutional.

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