70: 985-998. Gen. Tech. 1982. Data from sample plots on a variety of  sites (table 1) indicate that large volumes can be expected from Pacific  silver fir in pure stands or mixed with hemlocks.

Victoria, BC: Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre.

As many as seven growingseasons may be needed for Pacific silver fir to reach maximum rates ofbranch and height growth [65]. When the seeds are dispersed by the wind, they do not carry far; unsound  seeds are carried farther than sound seeds. Ruth [57] suggests removing the overstory andburning seedlings and other residue material in seedling infectedstands. A summer dry season is characteristic of this  region, but Pacific silver fir is dependent on adequate soil moisture  during the growing season. It is  occasionally used for interior finish and is suitable for poles. It is also commonly referred to as the white fir, red fir, lovely fir, Amabilis fir, Cascades fir, or silver fir. It has lower  resistance to windthrow than Douglas-fir, western hemlock, or western  redcedar. 278 p. [2431]. Because Pacific silver fir is common on midslopes of the Cascade Range,  it is a large component of many municipal watersheds, wilderness areas,  and recreation areas. In the mountain hemlock zone, Pacific silver fir succeeds speciessuch as Shasta red fir, subalpine fir, and grand fir [27]. Commercialrotations are seldom longer than 110 years [70]. Pacific silver fir is monoecious;  self-fertilization is possible because times of pollen dispersal and seed  cone receptivity overlap on the same tree. [11050], 70.

Seeds 10--12 ´ 4mm, body tan; wing about as long as body, rose to tan; cotyledons 4--7. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. In: Oliver, Chadwick Dearing; Kenady, Reid M., eds. Rep. INT-203.

Ambrosia beetles(Trypodendron lineatum and Gnathotrichus sulcatus) can be captured withpheromone, multifunnel traps in late June when the beetles are flying.Harvesting should be planned so that logs are not left on the ground tobe attacked by ambrosia beetles [45]. Agee, James K.; Smith, Larry. Western hemlock is a common associate throughout most of the range of  Pacific silver fir, in the Abies amabilis zone and portions of the  Tsuga heterophylla zone (9).

Pacific silver fir is not  considered a good seed producer; this condition is attributed to frequent  years of low pollen, the extended period between pollination and  fertilization, and archegonial abortion producing empty seeds (33). Vegetation and soils in the subalpine forests of the southern Washington Cascade Range. In Oregon, podzolization is less strongly expressed and soils  are more shallow and rocky. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain Province. Franklin, Jerry F. 1974. Highest stocking can be achieved onbare soil [34]. 45. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service R-6 Area Guide R6-ECOL-091-1982. Foodplant / parasitepycnium of Milesina blechni parasitises needle of Abies amabilis. [17303], More info for the terms: climax, dispersion. Fertilizer combined with thinning enhances growth.

Terminal growth averages 19.9 (49.7 cm) peryear [14]. The only known cultivated variety of Pacific silver fir is Abies  amabilis var.

Edwards, D. G. W. 1986. 16. The bark on younger trees is light grey, thin and covered with resin blisters. No artificial hybrids of Pacific silver fir and any other species have  been described. Handb.

Fire history of Douglas-fir forests in the Pacific Northwest. 1973. Seedlings planted in logged areas have done poorly [6]. The meanfire interval for Pacific silver fir as a primary dominant is 192 years[1].

Pacific silver firs are also susceptible to Western spruce budworm (Choristeneura occidentalis), Douglas fir tussock moth (Orygia pseudotsugata) infestation.

Indian paint fungus is mosteasily recognized by the presence of conks or slow decay in old largewounds [22]. In: Camer, Owen P., ed. It is capable of self-fertilization [14,38].

Note RM-464. Pacificsilver fir takes 9 years to reach breast height on average sites [14], 5to 9 years on more favorable sites, and up to 80 years when severelysuppressed [36]. It is found between 610  and 1830 m (2,000 and 6,000 ft) in the Cascade Range in Oregon as far   south as the divide between the Rogue and Umpqua Rivers.

12(3): 705-708.

Young trees haveresin-filled blisters protruding from the smooth, thin bark. There is confusion regarding its relative shade tolerance  compared with western hemlock. 1983. Ruth, Robert H. 1974. A common name search of Northwestern Sedge matches 'Northwestern Sedge' and 'Northwestern Showy Sedge'.

Growth and foliar nutrient concentrations of Pacific silver fir. Decay problems in true fir stands. "Abies amabilis Tree Record."

[6747], 64. It can most accurately be  classed as very tolerant of shade.

The leaves are needle-like, flattened, 2–4.5 cm (0.79–1.77 in) long and 2 mm (0.079 in) wide by 0.5 mm (0.02 in) thick, matte dark green above, and with two white bands of stomata below, and slightly notched at the tip. Abies amabilis: Pacific Silver Fir. Gen. Tech.

Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). 9.

Herbaceous species are beargrass(Xerophyllum tenax), bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), twinflower (Linneaborealis), queenscup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), dwarf blackberry(Rubus lasiococcus), rosy twistedstalk (Streptopus roseus), coolwortfoamflower (Tiarella unifoliata), deer fern (Blechnum spicant),salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), vanillaleaf (Achlys spp. It holds a small, narrow habitat at mid-elevation on the western slope of the Cascades. No. Theincidence of fungal infestations is higher in stands 200 years or olderthan in younger stands [14]. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Cone production begins at  years 20 to 30 (33,37).

Management for most fungal diseases involves thinning at least 25 feet from dead trees and minimizing wounding during logging or trimming. 2 ´ 2cm, pubescent; bracts included.

During the seedling stage when growth is slow,fertilizer may be more effective than during other stages [52].

Percentage of sound seed varies, with reports of 6.7 to 35 percent and 51  percent in one location (4). Many other  loopers are of minor importance; two species that cause periodic outbreaks  the greenstriped forest looper (Melanolophia imitata) and  saddleback looper (Ectropis crepuscularia). Gen. Tech.

At upper elevations in Washington, soils beneath Pacific silver fir  stands are generally low in available nitrogen, with availability  decreasing with age (44). Pacific silver fir is a secondary host for hemlock dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium  tsugense) and can be infected in mixed stands containing western or  mountain hemlock. The Alaska vegetation classification.

Managing young stands for quality production.

Roots are intensely  mycorrhizal at upper elevations, and Cenococcum graniforme is a  major mycorrhizal symbiont (45). The crown is rigid and symmetrical withlateral branches perpendicular to the stem [14]. Roots  can also be active during the winter when soil temperatures are just above  freezing; however, water conductance is dramatically reduced after  seedlings are preconditioned to cold temperatures (39). Sudden exposure to sunlight temporarilyreduces growth. In the 23-year-old stand,  total net primary production was 18 000 kg/ha (16,060 lb/acre); in the  180-year-old stand it was 17 000 kg/ha (15,170 lb/acre). This  may occur after one to three centuries-probably depending on site quality,  spacing, and disturbance history-and has been observed to last to age 500  years (31). Seeds can be extracted mechanically by using screens and then cold-stratified under dry conditions at temperatures between 10 and 30 degrees F for 4 to 6 months. Pacific silver fir occurs from extreme southeastern Alaska south throughwestern British Columbia, the Cascade Range of Washington and Oregon, tonorthwestern California [6,7,51,55,60]. Pacific silver fir is a U.S. native conifer that ranges from 100 to 230 feet tall and up to 45 inches in diameter at the base.

Annosus root disease infects trees when roots grow incontact with infected fungus food base. [6381], 59.

It is commonly  used for construction plywood even though it is not as strong as  Douglas-fir.

Environmental effects of forest residues in the Pacific Northwest: A state-of-knowledge compendium. Often nitrogen andoccassionally sulfur are limiting elements in soils [32]. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, College of Forest Resources: 19-34.

In: Lavender, D. P.; Parish, R.; Johnson, C. M.; [and others], 65. Abies amabilis, commonly known as the Pacific silver fir, is a fir native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, occurring in the Pacific Coast Ranges and the Cascade Range from the extreme southeast of Alaska, through western British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, to the extreme northwest of California.

Cultivars include a slow-growing, broadly ovoid form, ‘Compacta’ and a low-growing, spreading form with horizontal branches, ‘Spreading Star.’ Retail nurseries in the Pacific Northwest that stock native shrubs and trees may carry the cultivars.

Theapplication of nitrates are more beneficial to Pacific silver fir thanammonia compounds [31,42,51]. These stands may require thinning to maintain diameter  growth, to keep from buckling in heavy snow or wind, and to ensure advance  regeneration before the next harvest. Trees greater than 28 inches (71 cm) in d.b.h. Pacific silver fir is usually submontane tosubalpine [27,41].

Mature trees are erect, conical in outline, with spreading, spray-like branches and a scaly, gray to whitish bark.

* No warranties or guarantees as to the accuracy of the data and information derived from this web site are expressed or implied.

Pacific silver fir differs significantly from western hemlock in its  ability to accumulate specific elements (46).

Survival is better on mineral seedbeds than on organic seedbeds.

Journal of Raptor Research. ; crown spirelike, with age becoming flat topped, cylindric.

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