They are aware that others may evaluate and characterize their behavior. Question 3 In the reading “The social Construction of Gender” by Judith Lorber she describes how gender is socially constructed. Gender is socially constructed. Most people fall into the categories of male and female, however, some people are born with sex organs that do not clearly fit either category, and they are known as intersex. The Butlerian model presents a queer perspective on gender performance and explores the possible intersection between socially constructed gender roles and compulsory heterosexuality. Retrieved 27 Feb. 2017 from https://www.boundless.com/users/493555/textbooks/sociology-cochise-college/gender-stratification-and-inequality-11/gender-and-socialization-86/the-social-construction-of-gender-496-8675/, https://www.boundless.com/users/493555/textbooks/sociology-cochise-college/gender-stratification-and-inequality-11/gender-and-socialization-86/the-social-construction-of-gender-496-8675/, Explain Judith Butler’s concept of gender performativity. The internalized belief that men and women are essentially different is what makes men and women behave in ways that appear essentially different. Additionally, no description is provided of the methodology by which Bussey and Bandura derived any data from children to reach the conclusions of precisely the feelings being experienced during adolescent development, nor how children of age 5 were able to articulate their feelings at being "deprived of a penis". However, at between 3 and 5 years of age this changes, and children identify with the same-sex parent. Sexism refers to any bias against an individual or group based on the individual's or group's sex (Schneider, Gruman & Coutts, 2005, p.340). [58] For the individual, gender construction starts with assignments to a sex category on the basis of biological genitalia at birth. (2008). Gender is socially constructed and a result of sociocultural influences throughout an individual's development (Schneider, Gruman & Coutts, 2005). Stereotypes are beliefs about the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of members of certain groups and most of them are socioculturally based (Schneider, Gruman & Coutts, 2005). [70] Self-esteem is not a product of our biology but rather is culturally constructed. Each major sociological framework has its own views and theories regarding gender and how it relates to other aspects of society. The dollar is only worth as much as value as Americans are willing to ascribe to it. These images often act as an extreme expectation for many developing teenagers. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Similar to Butler, Eckert is hinting to the fact that gender is not an internal reality that cannot be changed. Gender like social class and race can be used to socially categorize people and even lead to prejudice and discrimination. This context is an unusual one, and no elucidation is provided as to how or why this particular lens of understanding proto-civilization social dynamics of evolving humans was selected. Research and theory derived from social psychology could be able to develop appropriate interventions that could target a vast range of individuals and institutions in order to promote equality of genders and eliminate gender discriminations. Hence, gender can be understood as external to the individual, consisting of a series of ongoing judgements and evaluations by others, as well as of others. For instance children are constantly bombarded with shows depicting gender stereotype models from toys marketed as for boys or girls, to children's TV programs and shows. Gender and socialization Socialization is the process, through which the child becomes an individual respecting his or her environment laws, norms and customs. Though male/female and man/woman are often conflated in the English language, they actually refer to two very different things: sex and gender. Specifically, in the assumption of a positivist basis for knowledge; which is to say that social constructionism rejects the notion that empirical facts can be known about reality, where as objectivism is defined by it. Depression can be isolating, and without proper academics and societal support, high school can be challenging. The idea that men and women are essentially different is what makes men and women behave in ways that appear essentially different. Benevolent sexism involves the attribution of typically positive traits or qualities towards women but these traits are derive from stereotypes that see  women in limited ways and often stem from male-centered perspectives (Schneider, Gruman & Coutts, 2005). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Therefore, biological sex becomes associated with a gender through naming, dress, and the use of other gender markers. Men and women are agreeing on a more egalitarian responsibility distribution within the family sphere. [13], American philosopher Judith Butler makes a distinction between gender performativity and gender roles, which delineates between the social behaviors of the individual seeking to express the behavior which articulate their own perception of their gender; and behavior which creates the perception of compliance with societal gender expressions in aggregate. [16] Boys, however, were given less responsibilities and more freedom. [8] According to West and Zimmerman, is not a personal trait; it is "an emergent feature of social situations: both as an outcome of and a rationale for various social arrangements, and as a means of legitimating one of the most fundamental divisions of society. However it is believed by several that the kind of toys and roles children play affect their future and the skills they learn. These individuals have no real legal rights in India and are typically unable to secure occupations outside of prostitution. For example, these theorists see wage inequalities as the result of choices women make, assuming they choose family roles that compete with their work roles, which renders them less valuable employees from the managerial standpoint. Bussey and Bandura do not provide in their research any study of the frequency of these fears or anxieties, nor any multi-varied analysis of peripheral factors to these feelings erotic or neurotic. Women belong to the feminine gender because during the process of growing up, certain culturally constructed feminine traits are inculcated into them, right from the birth. Feminist theorists, building on aspects of the three areas of theory described above, focus on the structural forces, values, world views, norms, and everyday behaviors that create inequality and injustice on the basis of gender. For example, historically there was a category of people in the Navajo culture called berdaches, who were anatomically normal men but who were defined as a third gender considered to fall between male and female. However, quantitative research can reinforce gender and cultural assumptions as well through item construction. It is unclear whether this contradiction occurs as an inconsistency in terminology or as a contradiction of two claims. Discrimination is overt negative behaviors towards a person based on his or her membership in a group (Pennsylvania State University, 2011). Theories that imply that gendered behavior is totally or mostly due to social conventions and culture fall into the nurture end of the nature versus nurture debate. [38] In Gender Trouble, Butler sets out to criticize what she considers to be an outdated perception of gender. One can see this for example in many Muslim countries and also with different religious groups, even in our own country. Key Terms. To understand the sociology of gender one must first understand how sociologists define gender and sex. People have preconceived notions about what particular racial groups look like (although there is no biological component to this categorization). Jones believes the performative power to act out gender is extremely useful as a framework, offering new ways to consider images as enactments with embodied subjects rather than inanimate objects for men's viewing pleasure.[43]. Gender often means adhering to gender normative behavior and roles. Lerro (74… Further, this perspective suggests that our socialization into prescribed roles drives gender inequality by encouraging men and women to make different choices about family and work. Specifically it asserts that reality exists as the summation of social perceptions and expression; and that the reality which is perceived is the only reality worth consideration. According to Eckert, "When we are teenagers, the teen magazines told girls how to make conversation with boys…". Understanding society: an introductory reader(2nd e.d.). [74], Overall, differences in student performance that arise from gender tend to be smaller than that of other demographic differences, such as race or socioeconomic class. What Eckert is instead stating is that this is a common misconception that a majority of the population unknowingly reinforces, which sees its emergence during infancy. [citation needed], Martha Nussbaum criticizes Butler's concepts of gender performativity as a misguided retreat from engaging with real-world concerns:[56], "Butler suggests to her readers that this sly send-up of the status quo is the only script for resistance that life offers [...] Butlerian feminism is in many ways easier than the old feminism. Hurtado argues that white women and women of color experience gender differently because of their relationship to males of different races and that both groups of women have traditionally been used to substantiate male power in different ways. The sociology of gender is one of the largest subfields within sociology and features theory and research that critically interrogates the social construction of gender, how gender interacts with other social forces in society, and how gender relates to social structure overall.

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